Genomic survey of candidate stress-response genes in the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis. Reitzel AM, Sullivan JC, Traylor-Knowles N et al. The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria-ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss. Compagen, a comparative genomics platform for early branching metazoan animals, reveals early origins of genes regulating stem-cell differentiation. Development 2008 135:1761–1769.Ĭhapman JA, Kirkness EF, Simakov O et al. FGF signalling controls formation of the apical sensory organ in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Rentzsch F, Fritzenwanker JH, Scholz CB et al. BMPs and chordin regulate patterning of the directive axis in a sea anemone. A muscle-specific transgenic reporter line of the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Renfer E, Amon-Hassenzahl A, Steinmetz PR et al. Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. Wittlieb J, Khalturin K, Lohmann JU et al. Maintenance of ancestral complexity and nonmetazoan genes in two basal cnidarians. Cnidarians and ancestral genetic complexity in the animal kingdom. Unexpected complexity of the Wnt gene family in a sea anemone. EST analysis of the cnidarian Acropora millepora reveals extensive gene loss and rapid sequence divergence in the model invertebrates. Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern “urmetazoon” hypothesis. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Science 2007 317:86–94.ĭunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ et al. Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization. Putnam NH, Srivastava M, Hellsten U et al. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Together, the data support the hypothesis that the establishment of epithelial barriers represents an important step in evolution of host defense in eumetazoan animals more than 600 million years ago. Microbial recognition is mediated by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll- and Nod-like receptors. The endodermal epithelium appears as a chemical barrier employing antimicrobial peptides while the ectodermal epithelium is a physicochemical barrier supported by a glycocalix. We show that in these diploblastic animals consisting of only two cell layers the epithelial cells are able to mediate all innate immune responses. The aim of this chapter is to review the experimental evidence for innate immune reactions in Cnidaria. And third, since cnidarians are colonized by complex bacterial communities and in many cases are home to algal symbionts, successful growth means for cnidarians to be able to distinguish between beneficial symbionts and pathogenic intruders. Second, to maintain tissue integrity, colonial forms have to rely on their capacity of self/nonself discrimination to rapidly detect approaching allogeneic cells as foreign and to eliminate them. First, in the absence of specific immune cells, cnidarians must have effective mechanisms to defend against microbial pathogens. The diversity in cnidarian life histories and habitats raises several important issues relating to immunity. The phylum Cnidaria is one of the earliest branches in the animal tree of life providing crucial insights into the early evolution of immunity.
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